FERNS – Deer will avoid most ferns |
Adiantum pedatum |
Maindenhair/Five Finger Fern |
** native, very delicate texture but wirey stems |
Athyrium niponicum ‘Pictum’ |
Japanese Painted Fern |
** silvery/purple foliage, delicate texture |
Blechnum spicant |
Deer Fern |
** native |
Cyrtomium fortunei |
Hardy Holly Fern |
*** glossy, holly like fronds |
Dryopteris erythrosora |
Autumn Fern |
*** coppery new growth |
Matteuccia |
Ostrich Fern |
** |
Polystichum munitum |
Western Sword Fern |
*** native, evergreen |
Polystichum polyblepharum |
Tassel Fern |
*** native |
Polystichum setiferum |
Alaskan Fern |
*** native |
Woodwardia fimbriata |
Giant Chain Fern |
*** coastal native, largest hardy fern |
GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKE PLANTS – Deer will avoid most ornamental grasses |
Agave neomexicana |
Hardy Agave |
*** impenetrable |
Hardy Bamboo species (ie. Fargesia, Phyllostachys, Sasa) |
Bamboo species |
** occasional chewing when newly planted |
Bouteloua g. ‘Blonde Ambition’ |
Blue Grama Grass |
*** persistent flag-like seedheads |
Calamagrostis spp. |
Feather Reed Grass |
*** |
Carex spp. |
Sedges |
*** |
Dasylirion wheeleri |
Desert Spoon |
*** Wonderfully prickly! |
Deschampsia sp. |
Tufted Hair Grass |
*** |
Festuca spp. |
Fescue |
* small evergreen clumps, can be grazed during sparse months |
Hakonechloa macra |
Japanese Forest Grass |
*** good for moist shade |
Helictotrichon sempervirens |
Blue Oat Grass |
*** evergreen, tough |
Hesperaloe parviflora |
Red False Yucca |
** may eat flowers, but foliage is tough/spikey |
Juncus spp. |
Rush |
*** many native, wet sites |
Miscanthus sinensis |
Maiden Grass |
*** |
Muhlenbergia capillaris, rigens |
Pink Muhly Grass, Deer Grass |
*** great for meadow look |
Panicum virgatum |
Switch grass |
*** nice fall color |
Pennisetum spp. |
Fountain Grass |
*** |
Phormium spp. |
New Zealand Flax |
*** place in protected location |
Schizachyrium scoparium |
Little Bluestem |
*** fall color, prairie native |
Seslaria autumnalis |
Autumn Moor Grass |
** evergreen, meadowy look |
Stipa gigantea |
Giant Feather Grass |
*** evergreen, showy bloom |
Yucca filamentosa |
Adam’s Needle (Yucca) |
*** showy flower spikes |
PERENNIALS – Strongly scented, highly textured (sharp or fuzzy), or poisonous choices are best |
Acanthus spinosus |
Bear’s Breeches |
* dramatic, spined 3′ tall flower spikes, part shade |
Achillea millefolium and cultivars |
Yarrow |
** many colors available |
Aconitum spp. |
Monkshood |
*** poisonous |
Agastache spp. |
Anise Hyssop, Licorice or Hummingbird Mint |
*** fragrant foliage, hummingbird magnets, long bloom |
Allium spp. |
Garlic and onion relatives, ball shaped flowers |
** strong smell |
Ajuga repens |
Carpet Bugle |
** vigorous shade groundcover |
Amsonia spp. |
Bluestar |
*** prairie native, latex sap in stems, amazing gold fall color |
Anemone spp. |
Anemone/Windflower |
* poisonous, but will eat flowers in bad areas |
Armeria maritima |
Sea thrift |
* may eat flowers |
Artemisia spp. |
Wormwood |
*** aromatic foliage |
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Asarum caudatum |
Wild Ginger |
** foliage is aromatic when crushed, native for dry shade |
Asclepias spp. |
Milkweed |
*** milky sap in stems, attracts butterflies/bees |
Aster oblongifolius |
Aromatic Aster |
*** |
Bergenia spp. |
Heartleaf Bergenia/Pigsqueak |
*** large glossy foliage, spring blooms |
Brunnera macrophylla |
Siberian Bugloss |
*** stiff hairs cover large leaves, shade, many silvery forms |
Campanula spp. |
Bellfower |
** once naturalized, groundcover and hairy species are best |
Centranthus ruber |
Jupiter’s Beard |
*** |
Ceratostigma plumbaginoides |
Dwarf (Hardy) Plumbago |
** late summer bloom + fall color |
Coreopsis spp. |
Tickseed |
** C. verticilata needle-like leaf is best, long bloom |
Crocosmia spp. |
Crocosmia/Montbreita |
* may eat flowers |
Delosperma spp. + new hybrids |
Hardy Ice Plant |
** tighter foliage is more reliable |
Dianthus spp. |
Carnations or Pinks |
*** aromatic foliage, drought tolerant groundcovers |
Dicentra spp. |
Bleeding Heart |
** poisonous, but sometimes eaten |
Digitalis spp. |
Foxglove |
** poisonous, but eaten sometimes |
Echinacea spp. |
Coneflower |
* may eat flowers/petals |
Echinops spp. |
Globe Thistle |
*** spiny leaves/flowers |
Epimedium spp. |
Bishop’s Hat |
* good for dry shade |
Erigeron glaucus |
Seaside Daisy |
** |
Erigeron karvinskianus |
Fleabane/Santa Barbara Daisy |
*** long blooming groundcover, drought tolerant |
Eriophyllum lanatum |
Oregon Sunshine |
** depends on the local deer population |
Erodium spp. |
Heronsbill |
* long blooming, ground hugging, rock garden perennials |
Eryngium spp. |
Sea Holly |
*** spiny flowers and sometimes leaves too |
Erysimum ‘Bowle’s Mauve’ |
Purple Wallflower |
*** long blooming but short lived |
Euphorbia spp. |
Spurge |
*** toxic sap in stems, mostly evergreen species |
Gaillardia |
Blanket Flower |
** – may eat flowers |
Gaura lindheimeri |
Gaura |
** may eat in bad areas |
Geranium cantabrigiense |
Geranium/Cranesbill |
*** scented leaves, great groundcover even in dry shade |
Glaucium flavum |
Horned Poppy |
*** fabulous silver foliage, horn shaped seed pods, droughty |
Glumicalyx goseloides |
Nodding Chocolate Flower |
*** orange flowers smell like…., evergreen in mild winters |
Helleborus spp. |
Lenten Rose |
*** poisonous, winter bloom, part-full shade |
Hemerocallis |
Daylily |
* may eat flowers |
Hypericum calycinum |
St. John’s Wort |
*** aggressive groundcover, erosion control |
Iris spp. |
Iris |
*** Lots of native species |
Kniphofia spp. |
Red hot poker |
** occasionally flowers are eaten |
Lamium maculatum |
Dead nettle |
** silvery variegated foliage illuminates shady areas |
Leucanthemum x superbum |
Shasta Daisy |
** may eat foliage after bloom finishes |
Limonium sp. |
Sea Statice |
** may eat flowers & nibble foliage in heavy deer areas |
Marrubium rotundifolium |
Silverheels Horehound |
*** |
Monarda spp. |
Bee Balm |
** fragrant foliage |
Monardella odoratissima |
Coyote Mint |
*** native, long summer bloom |
Muhlenbeckia complexa |
Wire Vine |
*** |
Narcissus |
Daffodils |
*** one of the only reliable bulbs |
Nepeta spp. |
Catmint |
*** aromatic foliage, long bloom, great selection |
Oenothera spp. |
Evening Primrose, Sundrops |
** may eat when new, very drought tolerant |
Opuntia sp. |
Prickly Pear Cactus |
*** |
Origanum spp. |
Oregano – edible and ornamental |
*** fragrant foliage, many cool flowering forms |
Pachysandra |
Pachysandra |
** great for dry shade |
Paeonia |
Peony – countless cultivars |
** classic, showy blooms, handsome foliage |
Papaver orientale |
Oriental Poppy |
** fuzzy foliage, may eat |
Penstemon heterophyllus ‘Margarita BOP’ |
Foothill Beardtongue |
** usually deer resistant, better when established |
Penstemon pinifolius |
Pineleaf Beardtongue |
** adaptable rock garden plant, needle-like leaves |
Perovskia atriplicifolia |
Russian Blue Sage |
*** aromatic foliage |
Phlomis spp. |
Jerusalem Sage |
*** large, fuzzy leaves |
Phlox subulata |
Creeping Phlox |
*** needle like foliage |
Pratia peduncularis |
Blue Star Creeper |
*** tight groundcover |
Pterocephalus depressus |
Moroccan Pincushion |
*** |
Pulmonaria spp. |
Lungwort |
** leaves are covered in prickly hairs, early bloom |
Rubus calycinoides(pentalobus) |
Creeping Bramble |
*** tough leaves, prickly stems |
Rudbeckia spp. |
Black Eyed Susan |
* may eat flowers |
Salvia spp. + hardy hybrids |
Sage |
*** smellier foliage is best |
Santolina chamaecyparissus, virens |
Lavender Cotton |
*** aromatic, evergreen foliage, button-like flower |
Schizostylus coccinea |
Crimson River Lily |
** best in mild areas |
Sempervivum spp. |
Hens and Chicks, Houseleek |
** less browsed upon than sedums |
Senecio grayi |
Bush Senecio |
*** |
Sisyrinchium sp. |
Blue-eyed/Yellow-eyed Grass |
** |
Solidago ‘Fireworks’ |
‘Fireworks’ Goldenrod |
** may browse |
Stachys spp. |
Lambs Ears |
*** fuzzy foliage |
Teucrium spp. |
Germander |
*** aromatic, evergreen foliage, bee attractors |
Thymus spp. |
Thyme – creeping and upright |
*** aromatic foliage and edible |
Verbena rigida |
Rigid Verbena |
** will munch in bad areas |
Veronica spp. |
Speedwell |
* groundcover species are best, need protection while young |
Vinca minor |
Common Periwinkle |
*** aggressive groundcover, part-shade erosion control |
Zauschneria sp. |
California Fuschia |
** may eat, best fall bloom, colonizer |
SHRUBS – Aromatic, resinous/sticky, thorny/prickly or poisonous choices are the most reliable |
Arctostaphylos spp. |
Manzanita – esp. ‘Austin Griffiths’ , ‘Pacific Mist’ |
** better once established, new growth often chewed, need protection when young |
Aucuba japonica |
Spotted Laurel |
*** |
Baccharis pilularis |
Coyote Bush |
*** native into CA, super tough |
Berberis spp. |
Barberry – deciduous & evergreen species |
*** thorny stems, colorful in spring and fall |
Buddleia hybrids (sterile) |
Butterfly Bush |
** when mature, * when young |
Buxus spp. |
Boxwood |
*** classic for low hedges and formal gardens |
Callistemon spp. |
Hardy Bottlebrush – alpine species |
*** needle-like pokey foliage |
Calluna vulgaris |
Scotch Heather |
* may eat when new, late summer bloom |
Calycanthus spp. |
Spicebush |
** protect when small |
Carpenteria ‘Elizabeth’ |
Bush Anemone |
** |
Caryopteris x clandonensis |
Bluebeard, Blue Mist Spirea |
*** great choice! reliable, long summer bloom, attracts pollinators |
Ceanothus spp. |
California Lilac, Blue Blossom |
** cultivars with holly-like leaves are most reliable (like ‘Blue Jeans’ and ‘Emily Brown’), needs protection when young |
Cephalotaxus harringtonia |
Japanese Plum Yew |
** pokey needle-like foliage, still testing |
Chaenomeles speciosa |
Flowering Quince |
** thorny types only, early spring blooms |
Choisya ternata |
Mexican Orange |
*** fragrant white blooms, evergreen |
Choisya x dewitteana ‘Aztec Pearl’, ‘Bluestone’ |
Mexican Orange (cutleaf) |
*** similar to above, but more compact, heat/sun/drought tolerant & hardier; needs good drainage & summer heat |
Cistus spp. |
Rockrose |
* the more resinous/sticky varieties are best (like ‘Blanche’, ‘Sunset’) better once established |
Cotinus spp. |
Smoke bush |
* may eat when new or any low down growth, protect until large and established |
Cotoneaster spp. |
Prostrate Bearberry |
** the smaller leaved/tightly prostrate forms seem best |
Daphne spp. |
Daphne |
*** poisonous, fragrant blooms, likes good drainage |
Distylium |
Distylium |
** protect when young |
Elaeagnus spp. |
Silverberry |
** evergreen, vigorous growth, good hedge, thorny varieties e.g.: Hosobu Fukurin) are best |
Erica spp. |
Mediterranean Heath varieties |
** most common are winter blooming |
Euonymous alatus ‘Compactus’ |
Compact Burning Bush |
* better once established |
Fatsia japonica |
Japanese Aralia |
** |
Feijoa sellowiana |
Pineapple Guava |
** may chew tips when new |
Forsythia x intermedia |
Forsythia hybrids |
** older, established plants, protect when young |
Genista spp. |
Yellow Broom (groundcovers) |
*** gold blooms in spring |
Hebe cupressoides, salicornioides etc. (e.g.: Karo, Golden Esk) |
Whipcord Hebe |
*** cypress-like fragrant foliage |
Hibiscus syriacus |
Rose of Sharon |
* may eat when new or any low down growth, better when established |
Holodiscus discolor |
Oceanspray |
** |
Hypericum ‘Sunburst’ |
‘Sunburst’ St. John’s Wort Bush |
** once established |
Ilex spp. |
Holly |
** the spinier, leathery leaves are more reliable |
Juniperus spp. |
Juniper |
*** |
Kalmia latifolia |
Mountain Laurel |
** poisonous, may still eat, rich/acidic soil |
Lavandula spp. |
Lavender |
*** fragrant foliage |
Leptospermum humifusum, lanigerum, namadgiensis |
Alpine Tea Tree |
*** aromatic foliage |
Leucothoe (esp. ‘Scarletta’, Rainbow’) |
Leucothoe |
** |
Loropetalum chinensis |
Fringe flower |
* only in mild deer areas or protected spots |
Mahonia spp. |
Oregon Grape |
*** native, leathery/holly-like leaves |
Myrica californica |
Pacific Wax Myrtle |
** coastal native, fragrant foliage, large shrub/small tree, protect when young |
Myrtus communis ‘Compacta’ & ‘Tarrentina’ |
Common Myrtle |
*** fragrant foliage, starry white flowers, put in hot/protected sites (zone 8) |
Nandina domestica |
Heavenly Bamboo |
* only in mild deer areas or larger, established plants |
Nerium oleander |
Oleander |
*** highly poisonous, extremely drought tolerant, put in a protected site (zone 8) |
Osmanthus heterophyllus |
Holly-Leaf Osmanthus |
** many cultivars, ones with spinier leaves are more reliable |
Ozothamnus spp. |
Ozothamnus |
*** evergreen, interesting foliage and flowers |
Philadelphus spp. |
Mock Orange |
* larger/established plants only |
Picea spp. (dwarf varieties) |
Spruce (shrubby cultivars) |
*** pokey needles |
Pieris |
Andromeda or Lily of the Valley Shrub |
*** poisonous, many cultivars |
Pinus mugo pumilo |
Dwarf Mugo Pine |
*** |
Pittosporum |
Pittosporum |
** |
Podocarpus |
Yew Pine |
*** |
Potentilla spp. |
Cinquefoil |
** species with tiny or hairy leaves are the most reliable, best in mild areas |
Prunus lusitanica |
Portuguese Laurel |
** good hedge plant, the most reliable Laurel species |
Punica |
Pomegranate |
** protect when young |
Pyracantha |
Firethorn |
** thorny and tough |
Rhamnus californica ‘Eve Case’ |
Eve Case California Coffeeberry |
** more compact than the species – seems to be browsed less as well, evergreen, showy berries, great for wildlife |
Rhododendron spp. |
Rhododendron – scented varieties like ‘PJM’ are best |
** mildly poisonous, but may still eat |
Rhus aromatica ‘Gro-Low’ |
‘Gro-Low’ Fragrant Sumac |
** better when established |
Ribes spp. |
Flowering Currant (native, pink) |
* will eat especially when small, thorny species like R. roezlii are more reliable |
Rosa rugosa (and native rose species) |
Rugosa Rose, Sea Tomato |
* very thorny, showy hips, may still eat – use only in mild areas |
Rosmarinus officianalis |
Rosemary |
*** fragrant foliage |
Sarcococca spp. |
Sweetbox |
*** leathery foliage, fragrant winter blooms, will tolerate deep shade |
Spirea spp. |
Spirea |
** best in mild areas, often with nice foliage color, protect when young |
Symphoricarpos albus |
Snow Berry |
* native, thicket forming, better when established |
Teucrium fruticans |
Bush Germander |
*** aromatic foliage |
Umbellularia californica |
California Bay |
*** aromatic, leathery foliage, slow growing – can eventually attain tree size |
Viburnum bodnantense ‘Pink Dawn’ |
Pink Dawn Viburnum |
***most reliable species, aromatic foliage, good choice for a large shrub |
Vitex agnus-castus |
Chaste Tree |
*** aromatic foliage, purple flowers in summer |
TREES – It’s always important to use a wire cage or trunk protector around any new tree (to guard the bark from bucks rutting their antlers in fall and to prevent lower limbs/leaves from being chewed). Aside from the following trees, almost any deciduous tree would also be considered deer resistant once large enough and with a high enough canopy. |
Abies pinsapo ‘Glauca’ |
Blue Spanish Fir |
*** short, pokey needles |
Abies concolor |
White Fir |
*** thick, flat needles |
Acer palmatum |
Green Japanese Maple |
** protect lower branches and trunk when young |
Albizia julibrissin |
Mimosa, Silk Tree |
* small leaves, will eat lower branches |
Araucaria |
Monkey Puzzle |
*** sharply pointed leaves |
Cedrus spp. |
Cedar |
*** pokey needles, usually the most reliable conifer |
Cercis spp. |
Redbud |
*j C. occidentalis and C. reniformis are more reliable |
Chamaerops humilis |
Mediterranean Fan Palm |
*** barbed branches, fiberous leaves |
Chitalpa tashkentensis |
Chitalpa |
** long summer bloom, very drought tolerant |
Chilopsis linearis |
Desert Willow |
*** aromatic, narrow leaves, long/showy summer bloom |
Crataegus spp. |
Hawthorne |
*** species w/large thorns are best |
Ginkgo biloba |
Maidenhair Tree |
** leathery leaves |
Gleditsia triacanthos |
Honey Locust |
** small leaves |
Heptacodium miconioides |
Seven Sons Flower |
** good results in mild areas, late summer bloom, peeling bark |
Ficus varieties |
Fig tree |
** aromatic leaves, may still eat lower growth |
Juniperus varieties |
Juniper |
*** |
Lagerstroemia spp. |
Crape Myrtle |
** will eat when new/low growth, best as tree form or limbed up |
Laurus nobilis |
Bay Laurel |
** aromatic foliage used in cooking, evergreen, |
Magnolia spp. |
Magnolia |
*** evergreen species are more reliable |
Parrotia |
Persian Ironwood |
** great fall color |
Picea spp. |
Spruce |
*** the pokier the needles the better (like Colorado Blue Spruce) |
Pinus spp. |
Pine |
*** |
Pseudotsuga menziesii |
Douglas Fir |
*** |
Quercus spp. |
Oak |
* species w/pokier, barbed leaves are more reliable, may eat lower growth when young |
Sequoiadendron spp. |
Giant Sequioa, Coast Redwood |
*** |
Thuja ‘Green Giant’ |
‘Green Giant’ Arborvitae |
** protect when young |
Trachycarpus fortunei |
Windmill Fan Palm |
*** |
Zelkova |
Zelkova |
** good street tree, great fall color |
VINES – Protect all vines when young! |
Akebia quinata |
Akebia vine |
*** reliable in mild areas |
Bignonia capreolata |
Cross Vine |
* |
Campsis radicans |
Trumpet Vine |
* |
Clematis armandii |
Evergreen Clematis |
* leathery leaves |
Holboelia coriocea |
China Blue Vine |
* leathery leaves |
Humulus lupilus |
Hops |
*** stiff hairs coat leaves and stems |
Lonicera spp. |
Honeysuckle |
** usually reliable |
Parthenocissus spp. |
Virginia Creeper, Boston Ivy, Silver Vein Creeper |
* |
Trachelospermum asiaticum |
Asiatic Jasmone |
*** used as evergreen groundcover |
Trachelospermum jasminoides |
Star Jasmine |
** protect when young |
Wisteria spp. |
Wisteria |
* will eat, but grows fast enough to overcome |